Step 71 of 74

Answer Key with Explanations

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1. B. The White Revolution included land reform, women's suffrage, literacy and health corps, and infrastructure development.
2. B. Religious resentment, political repression, and cultural alienation combined to produce the broad opposition that overthrew the Shah.
3. B. Velayat-e faqih, Khomeini's doctrine, argued that political authority should be exercised by senior Shia clerics during the absence of the hidden imam.
4. B. The revolution overthrew the monarchy and established the Islamic Republic under Khomeini's leadership.
5. B. Atatürk pursued aggressive secularization including abolishing the Caliphate, adopting the Latin alphabet, and replacing Islamic law with European-style civil law.
6. B. The Caliphate was the institution of religious-political leadership in Sunni Islam.
7. B. The Shah's reforms faced greater resistance because they were less institutionally rooted and faced more powerful religious opposition; the result was the 1979 revolution that reversed many of them.
8. B. The Four Olds were the targets of Cultural Revolution destruction: old customs, old culture, old habits, old ideas.
9. B. Deng's reforms embraced market mechanisms and foreign investment, allowed cultural revival, but maintained Communist Party political monopoly.
10. A. Hindutva is a Hindu nationalist ideology arguing that India should be understood as fundamentally a Hindu nation.
11. B. Fundamentalism exists across multiple religious traditions and shares common features: claims of return to religious foundations, opposition to modern corruptions, traditional gender roles, hostility to secular authority.
12. B. Wahhabism is a strict Sunni reformist movement that has been the religious foundation of Saudi Arabia since the eighteenth century.
13. B. Saudi Arabia has accepted modern technology, infrastructure, and economic relationships while maintaining strict religious law and traditional social practices.
14. C. Selective adaptation, in which societies choose which modernization elements to adopt and which to reject or modify, is the typical pattern.
15. B. Women's status has expanded legally in most societies but has been a particularly contested site of tradition-modernization tensions, with substantial backlash in many places.