• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: Founder of modern secular Turkey
• Reza Shah Pahlavi: Iran's modernizing ruler 1921-1941
• Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi: Iranian shah overthrown in 1979
• Mohammad Mossadegh: Elected Iranian PM overthrown in 1953 CIA-backed coup
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: Leader of Iranian Revolution, founder of Islamic Republic
• Ali Khamenei: Supreme Leader of Iran since 1989
• Mao Zedong: Chinese Communist leader, architect of Cultural Revolution
• Deng Xiaoping: Chinese leader who reversed Maoist anti-traditionalism and opened the economy
• Jawaharlal Nehru: First Indian PM, secular modernizer
• Narendra Modi: Hindu nationalist Indian PM since 2014
• Sayyid Qutb: Egyptian Islamist thinker, influential on later jihadist movements
• Hassan al-Banna: Founder of Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood
• Osama bin Laden: Founder of al-Qaeda
• Saddam Hussein: Iraqi dictator, invaded Iran in 1980

XI. Typical Regents Questions and Topics

Unit 10.8 typically generates 2-4 MC questions on a Regents exam, often paired with units 10.6 and 10.7. The Iranian Revolution is the dominant test subject. CRQ sets may compare Iran with another case of imposed modernization or fundamentalist reaction.