• Cultural diffusion: Spread of modernization and Westernization globally; backlash and selective adaptation
• Conflict: Iran-Iraq War, civil wars over religious-secular issues, sectarian violence
• Power and abuse of power: Shah's repression, Khomeini's theocracy, Cultural Revolution, Taliban restrictions
• Desire for human rights: Women's rights movements, religious minority rights, dissident movements in theocratic states

XII. Need-to-Know Points (Self-Test Checklist)