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Concepts and Terms

  • Modernization: Industrial economy, urbanization, mass education, scientific worldview, modern bureaucratic states
  • Westernization: Adoption of specifically Western cultural patterns; a subset of modernization
  • Secularization: Reduction of religion's role in public life; separation of religion from state authority
  • Fundamentalism: Movements seeking return to foundational religious principles in opposition to perceived modern corruptions
  • Theocracy: Government by religious leaders or under religious law
  • Sharia: Islamic religious law
  • Hijab: Veiling worn by Muslim women in many traditions; required by law in some places
  • White Revolution: Shah's top-down modernization program in Iran from 1963
  • SAVAK: Shah's secret police
  • Velayat-e faqih: Khomeini's doctrine of guardianship of the jurist, justifying clerical rule
  • Islamic Republic of Iran: Theocratic state founded by Khomeini in 1979
  • Supreme Leader: Ultimate authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran
  • Guardian Council: Iranian body that vets candidates and legislation for Islamic conformity
  • Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC): Parallel Iranian military force
  • Hostage crisis (1979-81): Iranian seizure of U.S. embassy; 444 days
  • Iran-Iraq War (1980-88): Devastating war following the Iranian Revolution
  • Kemalism: Atatürk's ideology of republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism, revolutionism
  • Caliphate: Office of religious-political leadership in Sunni Islam, abolished by Atatürk in 1924
  • Hindutva: Hindu nationalist ideology
  • BJP: Bharatiya Janata Party, principal Hindu nationalist political party
  • RSS: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Hindu nationalist organization
  • Wahhabism: Strict Sunni reformist movement, foundation of Saudi religious establishment
  • Muslim Brotherhood: Egyptian-founded mass Islamist political-religious movement
  • Cultural Revolution: Mao's 1966-76 attack on Chinese tradition
  • Four Olds: Old customs, culture, habits, ideas; targets of Cultural Revolution
  • Tiananmen Square (1989): Chinese government's violent suppression of pro-democracy protests
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