Maria should be ready to use two frames when analyzing modernization tensions.

Frame 1: Who benefits and who loses from modernization? Modernization is never neutral. Industrial workers gain certain things and lose others (Unit 10.3). Women often gain new opportunities under modernization but face backlash. Religious authorities lose influence as secular states gain power. Traditional rural elites lose ground to urban professionals. Resistance to modernization often comes from groups whose status is threatened.

Frame 2: Modernization can be selective. Societies can choose which elements to adopt. Japan adopted Western military and industrial technology while preserving emperor worship. Saudi Arabia uses oil wealth and modern technology while maintaining strict religious law. India became a modern democracy while preserving caste distinctions. Selective modernization is the typical pattern, not the exception.

II. The Iranian Revolution: The Canonical Case

The 1979 Iranian Revolution is the most heavily tested case in Unit 10.8 and one of the most consequential events of the late twentieth century. It produced the first successful Islamist revolution, established a theocratic state, and demonstrated that modernization imposed from above could provoke fundamentalist reaction. Maria should know this story in detail.