• Cultural diffusion: Western modernization spread globally; non-Western traditions also influenced Western societies
• Conflict: Tensions over modernization have produced civil wars, revolutions, ethnic conflicts, and religious confrontations
• Power and abuse of power: Both modernizing regimes (Shah, Mao) and traditionalist responses (Khomeini, Taliban) have used violence against opponents
• Desire for human rights: Women's rights, religious minorities' rights, and political dissidents' rights are central to many tradition-modernization disputes
• Impact of technology: New technologies disrupt traditional ways of life and create both opportunities for and threats to traditional cultures
• Inequality: Modernization often produces sharp inequalities between regions, classes, and groups within societies

X. Key Terms and People to Memorize