Multiple Choice Practice (15 questions)
1. The Shah of Iran's White Revolution included which of the following?
- (A) Establishing an Islamic Republic
- (B) Land reform, women's suffrage, and infrastructure development
- (C) Withdrawing Iran from international relations
- (D) Restoring the Caliphate
2. Which of the following was a major cause of opposition to the Shah?
- (A) The Shah's refusal to modernize
- (B) Religious resentment of secular reforms, political repression, and cultural alienation from perceived Westernization
- (C) The Shah's pro-Soviet foreign policy
- (D) Iranian withdrawal from OPEC
3. Ayatollah Khomeini's doctrine of velayat-e faqih argued for:
- (A) Restoration of the Iranian monarchy
- (B) Government by senior Shia clerics
- (C) Alliance with the United States
- (D) Adoption of Western political institutions
4. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 resulted in:
- (A) Restoration of the Shah
- (B) Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran
- (C) Soviet annexation of Iran
- (D) Iranian alliance with Israel
5. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's most distinctive policy choice was:
- (A) Maintaining the Caliphate as Turkey's religious authority
- (B) Aggressive secularization including abolition of the Caliphate and adoption of the Latin alphabet
- (C) Returning Turkey to Ottoman traditions
- (D) Restoring the Sultanate
6. Atatürk abolished the Caliphate in 1924. The Caliphate had been:
- (A) A political party
- (B) The institution of religious-political leadership in Sunni Islam
- (C) The Turkish parliament
- (D) The Ottoman military
7. Compared to Atatürk's reforms in Turkey, the Shah's reforms in Iran:
- (A) Were more successful in establishing lasting institutions
- (B) Faced greater popular resistance and were eventually reversed by revolution
- (C) Did not involve secularization
- (D) Restored religious authority over the state
8. During the Cultural Revolution in China, the "Four Olds" referred to:
- (A) Four older Chinese leaders
- (B) Old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas to be destroyed
- (C) Four ancient Chinese cities
- (D) Four economic reforms
9. Deng Xiaoping's reforms differed from Mao's policies in that they:
- (A) Intensified attacks on Chinese tradition
- (B) Embraced market economics and allowed limited cultural revival while maintaining Communist Party political control
- (C) Restored the imperial system
- (D) Made China a multiparty democracy
10. Hindutva is best understood as:
- (A) A Hindu nationalist ideology arguing that India should be a Hindu nation
- (B) A traditional Hindu religious ritual
- (C) An economic theory
- (D) A British colonial policy
11. Religious fundamentalism is best understood as:
- (A) A movement unique to Islam
- (B) Movements in multiple religious traditions seeking to return to foundational principles against perceived modern corruptions
- (C) Support for religious tolerance
- (D) The promotion of secularization
12. Wahhabism is associated most directly with:
- (A) Iran
- (B) Saudi Arabia
- (C) Turkey
- (D) Indonesia
13. Which of the following best describes Saudi Arabia's response to modernization?
- (A) Comprehensive embrace of Western secularism
- (B) Adoption of modern technology and economic relationships while maintaining strict religious law
- (C) Rejection of all modern technology
- (D) Establishment of a Western-style democracy
14. Which of the following is the most common pattern in societies' responses to modernization?
- (A) Complete embrace of all modernization elements
- (B) Complete rejection of all modernization elements
- (C) Selective adaptation, choosing which elements to adopt and which to reject
- (D) Reversion to pre-modern societies
15. Women's status across modernizing societies has typically:
- (A) Become equal to men's status worldwide
- (B) Become a particularly contested site of tradition-modernization tensions, with legal expansion of rights coexisting with cultural backlash
- (C) Remained unchanged
- (D) Declined in all societies