Theme 1: Modernization Is Not One Thing

Modernization encompasses economic industrialization, urbanization, mass education, secularization, scientific worldview, individualism, and political liberalization. These elements can be combined or separated. Saudi Arabia has industrialized wealth without secularization. China has economic modernization without political liberalization. Atatürk's Turkey pursued secularization aggressively. Maria should resist any simple equation of modernization with any single set of changes.