Answer Key with Explanations

• 1. C. Britain had abundant coal and iron, capital from colonial trade, political stability, and other advantages. The other options contradict the actual conditions. • 2. B. Enclosure displaced small farmers, creating a mobile labor force available for factory work in growing cities. • 3. B. Long hours, child labor, and physical discipline by foremen are signatures of nineteenth-century factory conditions before reforms. • 4. C. Watt improved the Newcomen engine with a separate condenser, dramatically increasing efficiency and making steam power practical for industry. • 5. C. The opening of the Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels. Class struggle is Marx's central historical concept. • 6. B. In Marx's analysis, the proletariat is the class of workers who own only their labor and must sell it to capitalists.

• 7. B. Laissez-faire (French for "let do") holds that governments should minimize their interference in the economy.
• 8. C. The Meiji Restoration overthrew the shogunate, ended sakoku, and produced rapid modernization that culminated in Japan's emergence as a major imperial power.
• 9. B. Perry's gunboat diplomacy in 1853-1854 forced Japan to open ports to foreign trade, setting in motion the events that led to the Meiji Restoration.
• 10. B. By making cotton processing efficient, the cotton gin dramatically expanded the cotton economy and the demand for enslaved labor in the American South.
• 11. B. The Luddites were skilled English textile workers who destroyed machines they blamed for unemployment and wage cuts.
• 12. B. Owen, a Welsh industrialist, ran the model factory community of New Lanark and later attempted utopian community at New Harmony, Indiana.
• 13. B. Seneca Falls was the first women's rights convention in the United States and produced the Declaration of Sentiments.
• 14. C. Germany's late, state-supported industrialization, plus a strong scientific and educational system, allowed it to surpass Britain in steel and chemicals by 1900.
• 15. B. Railroads transformed industrial economies by connecting production to distant markets and creating vast demand for iron, coal, and engineering.