Step 21 of 103
Iron and Steel
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- Coke smelting (Abraham Darby, 1709): Used coke (purified coal) rather than charcoal to smelt iron, dramatically increasing iron production while saving forests.
- Puddling process (Henry Cort, 1784): Improved the production of wrought iron.
- Bessemer process (Henry Bessemer, 1856): Allowed mass production of high-quality steel by blowing air through molten iron. Steel became the structural material of the Second Industrial Revolution: railroads, skyscrapers, bridges, ships.
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