The chain of causation overview

Agricultural Revolution increases food production and frees labor

Surplus labor and capital concentrate in Britain, which has the geographic, political, and economic preconditions

First major industries (textiles, iron) mechanize, drawing workers to factory towns

Steam power transforms transportation through railroads and steamships

New social classes (industrial capitalists, urban working class) form

Public health, housing, and labor crises generate political responses

New ideologies (capitalism, socialism, communism) emerge to interpret the changes

Industrialization spreads to other nations, reshaping the global economic hierarchy

Industrial powers seek raw materials and markets through imperialism (setting up Unit 10.4)