Key changes

• Enclosure movement: Wealthy landowners enclosed common lands (where peasants had traditionally grazed animals and grown crops) into private fenced fields. This was efficient but devastating to small farmers, many of whom lost their livelihoods and migrated to cities looking for work.
• Crop rotation: Charles Townshend popularized the four-field rotation (wheat, turnips, barley, clover) which restored soil fertility and eliminated the fallow year.
• Selective breeding: Robert Bakewell pioneered systematic selective breeding of livestock, producing larger and meatier animals.
• New crops: Potatoes (from the Americas via the Columbian Exchange) provided high-calorie food on small plots, supporting population growth.
• Seed drill: Jethro Tull's seed drill (1701) planted seeds in rows at uniform depth, dramatically increasing yields.

Combined effects: more food, larger population, and a labor force available for non-agricultural work.