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Answer Key with Explanations

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1. B. Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-Jewish lawyer, coined the word genocide in 1944 by combining the Greek genos with the Latin cide.
2. B. The Genocide Convention specifically requires intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. Political groups are notably not covered.
3. B. The Ottoman Empire under the Young Turk government carried out the Armenian Genocide.
4. C. Approximately 1 to 1.5 million Armenians were killed, with most scholars accepting figures in that range.
5. B. Nuremberg specifically rejected obedience to orders as a defense, establishing that individuals bear responsibility for crimes against humanity.
6. C. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted on December 10, 1948, the day after the Genocide Convention.
7. C. The Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot ruled Cambodia from April 1975 to January 1979 and conducted the genocide.
8. C. Approximately 1.5 to 2 million Cambodians died, about a quarter of the population.
9. C. Khmer Rouge targets included former government officials, intellectuals, professionals, ethnic Vietnamese and Chinese, Cham Muslims, Buddhist monks, and eventually members of the Khmer Rouge themselves.
10. B. Hutu extremists, organized in militias like the Interahamwe, killed Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
11. C. Approximately 800,000 people were killed in about 100 days.
12. B. The UN reduced peacekeeping forces rather than reinforcing them, and major powers (especially the U.S.) deliberately avoided the word genocide to avoid legal obligations to act.
13. A. Bosnian Serb forces under Mladić killed approximately 8,000 Bosniak men and boys at Srebrenica in July 1995; the event has been formally recognized as genocide.
14. B. Ethnic cleansing refers to the systematic forced removal of an ethnic group from a territory.
15. B. The ICC prosecutes individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
16. B. R2P creates a responsibility for the international community to act when a state fails to protect its population from mass atrocities.

1. B. The UN has characterized the persecution as genocide or possible genocide, with the International Court of Justice hearing a case under the Genocide Convention.
1. B. Major genocides share recurring features: state organization, exploitation of crisis, modern bureaucratic and military methods, and targeting of identifiable groups.