Justice and reconciliation

Multiple institutions addressed Rwandan genocide accountability:

• International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR): UN court based in Arusha, Tanzania. Operated from 1995 to 2015. Convicted senior leaders including former Prime Minister Jean Kambanda (the first head of government convicted of genocide).

• National courts: Rwandan courts prosecuted thousands of perpetrators

• Gacaca courts: Traditional community-based justice forums were adapted to handle hundreds of thousands of lower-level perpetrators. The gacaca system, while controversial, allowed a society to confront mass violence at community scale.