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The chain of developments

  1. Armenian Genocide during WWI (1915-1923) is the first major genocide of the twentieth century
  2. Holocaust during WWII (1933-1945) produces the most extensive genocide in modern history
  3. Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946) establish that obedience to orders is not a defense
  4. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and Genocide Convention (1948) create the legal framework
  5. Subsequent genocides (Cambodia 1975-1979, Bosnia 1992-1995, Rwanda 1994) demonstrate that the international community has often failed to prevent recurrence
  6. International criminal tribunals (ICTY for Yugoslavia, ICTR for Rwanda) prosecute perpetrators
  7. International Criminal Court (2002) creates a permanent institution
  8. Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine (2005) creates a norm for international intervention
  9. Contemporary human rights challenges (Uyghurs, Rohingya, ongoing conflicts) test whether the framework can be effective
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