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Step 44 of 60

Concepts and Terms

  • Decolonization — Process by which colonies gained independence from imperial powers
  • Nationalism — Belief that a group sharing common identity should have political self-determination
  • Self-determination — Right of peoples to choose their own form of government
  • Pan-Africanism — Movement for solidarity among people of African descent
  • Negritude — Literary movement celebrating Black African culture
  • Non-Aligned Movement — Cold War-era movement refusing to align with U.S. or USSR
  • Bandung Conference (1955) — Asian-African conference launching non-alignment
  • Satyagraha — Gandhi's nonviolent resistance, "truth force"
  • Ahimsa — Principle of nonviolence
  • Civil disobedience — Deliberate breaking of unjust laws with willingness to accept punishment
  • Swaraj — Self-rule
  • Salt March (1930) — Gandhi's 240-mile march protesting the British salt monopoly
  • Quit India Movement (1942) — Gandhi's wartime demand for immediate British withdrawal
  • Indian National Congress (1885) — Principal Indian nationalist party
  • Muslim League (1906) — Party representing Indian Muslim political interests
  • Partition of India (1947) — Division into India and Pakistan; massive migration and violence
  • Kashmir — Disputed region between India and Pakistan since 1947
  • Zionism — Movement for a Jewish national home in Palestine
  • Balfour Declaration (1917) — British endorsement of Jewish national home in Palestine
  • British Mandate Palestine — British administration of Palestine 1920–1948
  • Aliyah — Jewish immigration to Palestine/Israel
  • Kibbutz — Israeli collective farm community
  • UN Partition Plan (1947) — UN proposal to divide Palestine
  • Nakba — Palestinian "catastrophe" of 1948 displacement
  • Six-Day War (1967) — Israeli capture of Sinai, Golan, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza
  • Yom Kippur War (1973) — Egyptian–Syrian attack on Israel
  • PLO — Palestine Liberation Organization, led by Arafat
  • Intifada — Palestinian uprising (First 1987–93, Second 2000–05)
  • Camp David Accords (1978) — Egyptian–Israeli peace agreement brokered by Carter
  • Oslo Accords (1993) — Israeli–PLO mutual recognition
  • Apartheid — South African legal racial segregation, 1948–1994
  • Bantustans — Rural "homelands" for Black South Africans
  • Pass laws — Required Black South Africans to carry identity passes
  • Sharpeville Massacre (1960) — Police killing of 69 protesters
  • Soweto Uprising (1976) — Black student protests against Afrikaans-language education
  • African National Congress (ANC) — Principal Black South African party
  • Truth and Reconciliation Commission — Post-apartheid body for confronting crimes
  • Mau Mau (1952–1960) — Kenyan insurgency against British rule
  • FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) — Algerian independence movement
  • Pieds-noirs — French settlers in Algeria
  • Year of Africa (1960) — 17 African nations gained independence
  • White Revolution — Iranian Shah's top-down modernization
  • Iranian Revolution (1979) — Overthrow of Shah, Islamic Republic
  • Hostage Crisis (1979–81) — 52 Americans held by Iran for 444 days
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