Background: Zionism

Zionism is the movement for a Jewish national home in Palestine. It emerged in late nineteenth-century Europe in response to persistent European anti-Semitism (most notably the Dreyfus Affair in France, 1894) and the rise of European nationalism.

• Theodor Herzl (1860–1904): Austrian-Hungarian Jewish journalist; pamphlet The Jewish State (1896); organized the First Zionist Congress in Basel (1897).
• Aliyah: Hebrew for "going up"; Jewish immigration to Palestine. Five major waves between 1882 and 1939.
• Kibbutz: collective agricultural community.