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    1. B. The emphasis on property as government's purpose and the right of the people to revoke obedience when government violates rights is Locke's distinctive position from the Second Treatise of Government.
    1. C. Montesquieu's central idea in The Spirit of the Laws is that liberty is best preserved when government power is divided among separate branches that check each other.
    1. B. Inequality among the three estates was a structural, long-term cause. The 1788 harvest and the calling of the Estates-General were short-term triggers; Napoleon's coup was an effect, not a cause.
    1. C. The Committee of Public Safety, led by Robespierre, ran the Reign of Terror in 1793-1794.
    1. C. The Code's most lasting effect was the spread of equality before the law and the end of feudal privilege across continental Europe and into Latin America. It did not establish democracy, since Napoleon was not democratic.
    1. B. The Congress sought to restore legitimate monarchs and maintain a balance of power that would prevent French domination from recurring.
    1. B. This is Bismarck's most famous speech, given in 1862 as he pushed for German unification through Prussian military power.
    1. B. The combination of revolutionary ideas of liberty and the brutality of plantation slavery in Saint-Domingue produced the Haitian Revolution.
    1. B. Wollstonecraft argued that women possess the same rational capacities as men and are therefore entitled to the same rights, particularly education.
    1. B. Bolívar liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from Spain.
    1. B. Enlightenment ideas about consent of the governed and natural rights directly contradicted the absolutist claim that monarchs ruled by divine right.
    1. B. The Declaration of the Rights of Man drew heavily on Locke's natural rights and Rousseau's popular sovereignty.
    1. A. The Kingdom of Sardinia, under King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Cavour, led Italian unification.
    1. B. The Franco-Prussian War ended with the proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles and the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, which became a permanent French grievance that would help cause WWI.
    1. B. Creoles were American-born of Spanish descent, the elite class that led most Latin American independence movements.
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