Populism and democratic backsliding

Many democracies have experienced rising populist movements that challenge liberal democratic norms. Examples include Trump in the United States, Brexit in the United Kingdom, Bolsonaro in Brazil, Orbán in Hungary, the Law and Justice party in Poland, and various movements across continental Europe. The common pattern is opposition to immigration, hostility to international institutions, attacks on independent media and judiciary, and appeals to traditional identities. Whether this represents a temporary backlash or a permanent shift in democratic politics is being intensely debated.