Russian revanchism

Russia under Vladimir Putin (in power since 1999) has pursued increasingly aggressive policies. Major actions include the 2008 war with Georgia, the 2014 annexation of Crimea and intervention in eastern Ukraine, intervention in Syria from 2015, and the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Russia has also interfered in elections in Western democracies and used propaganda to undermine liberal institutions. The Russian challenge has revived NATO's purpose and produced the most significant European war since 1945.