Q1 · Why Britain first

Conditions in Britain, c. 1750

• Large coal and iron deposits • Navigable rivers + extensive canals • Colonial markets (India, North America) • Capital from Atlantic trade • Enclosure movement freeing rural labor

Which generalization is best supported?

1. A.Industrialization required only a strong central government.
2. B.Britain's geography, capital, and labor supply combined to give it an early advantage.
3. C.The Industrial Revolution began wherever Enlightenment ideas spread first.
4. D.Industrialization preceded the Atlantic slave trade.

Q2 · Factory conditions

“At the cotton mill, children of nine and ten were dragged from their squalid beds at two, three, or four o'clock in the morning … and compelled to work until ten, eleven, or twelve at night.” — Sadler Report, 1832

This document was most directly used to support:

1. A.Repeal of the Corn Laws
2. B.Passage of factory reform laws limiting child labor
3. C.Abolition of slavery in British colonies
4. D.Extension of the franchise to all adult men

Q1 · Why Britain first

Conditions in Britain, c. 1750

• Large coal and iron deposits • Navigable rivers + extensive canals • Colonial markets (India, North America) • Capital from Atlantic trade • Enclosure movement freeing rural labor

Which generalization is best supported?

1. A.Industrialization required only a strong central government.
2. B.Britain's geography, capital, and labor supply combined to give it an early advantage.
3. C.The Industrial Revolution began wherever Enlightenment ideas spread first.
4. D.Industrialization preceded the Atlantic slave trade.

Q2 · Factory conditions

“At the cotton mill, children of nine and ten were dragged from their squalid beds at two, three, or four o'clock in the morning … and compelled to work until ten, eleven, or twelve at night.” — Sadler Report, 1832

This document was most directly used to support:

1. A.Repeal of the Corn Laws
2. B.Passage of factory reform laws limiting child labor
3. C.Abolition of slavery in British colonies
4. D.Extension of the franchise to all adult men

Q1 · Motives of New Imperialism

Cecil Rhodes, c. 1895

“We must find new lands from which we can easily obtain raw materials and at the same time exploit the cheap slave labour that is available from the natives of the colonies.”

Rhodes's reasoning best illustrates which motive for New Imperialism?

1. A.Spreading Enlightenment ideals
2. B.Economic — raw materials, markets, and cheap labor
3. C.Religious conversion to Christianity
4. D.Containing the spread of communism

Q2 · Scramble for Africa

Africa, 1914 — political map description

Nearly the entire continent is colored by European power: British (yellow) from Cairo to the Cape, French (blue) across northwest and Sahel, Belgian (orange) in the Congo, German in present-day Tanzania, Namibia, Cameroon. Only Ethiopia and Liberia are uncolored.

Which agreement most directly set the rules for the territorial divisions shown?

1. A.The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
2. B.The Berlin Conference (1884–85)
3. C.The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
4. D.The Atlantic Charter (1941)

Q1 · Origins & containment

Winston Churchill, Fulton, Missouri, 1946

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

Churchill's “iron curtain” described:

1. A.Nazi occupation of Western Europe
2. B.Soviet domination of Eastern Europe after WWII
3. C.British withdrawal from India
4. D.The Maginot Line between France and Germany

Q2 · Cuban Missile Crisis

Headline, October 1962

“U.S. NAVAL ‘QUARANTINE’ OF CUBA — KENNEDY DEMANDS REMOVAL OF SOVIET MISSILES”

The crisis is best understood as an example of:

1. A.Direct conventional war between the superpowers
2. B.Brinkmanship — pushing to the edge of nuclear war as Cold War strategy
3. C.United Nations peacekeeping
4. D.Decolonization in Latin America

Q1 · Origins & containment

Winston Churchill, Fulton, Missouri, 1946

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

Churchill's “iron curtain” described:

1. A.Nazi occupation of Western Europe
2. B.Soviet domination of Eastern Europe after WWII
3. C.British withdrawal from India
4. D.The Maginot Line between France and Germany

Q2 · Cuban Missile Crisis

Headline, October 1962

“U.S. NAVAL ‘QUARANTINE’ OF CUBA — KENNEDY DEMANDS REMOVAL OF SOVIET MISSILES”

The crisis is best understood as an example of:

1. A.Direct conventional war between the superpowers
2. B.Brinkmanship — pushing to the edge of nuclear war as Cold War strategy
3. C.United Nations peacekeeping
4. D.Decolonization in Latin America

Q1 · Origins & containment

Winston Churchill, Fulton, Missouri, 1946

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

Churchill's “iron curtain” described:

1. A.Nazi occupation of Western Europe
2. B.Soviet domination of Eastern Europe after WWII
3. C.British withdrawal from India
4. D.The Maginot Line between France and Germany

Q2 · Cuban Missile Crisis

Headline, October 1962

“U.S. NAVAL ‘QUARANTINE’ OF CUBA — KENNEDY DEMANDS REMOVAL OF SOVIET MISSILES”

The crisis is best understood as an example of:

1. A.Direct conventional war between the superpowers
2. B.Brinkmanship — pushing to the edge of nuclear war as Cold War strategy
3. C.United Nations peacekeeping
4. D.Decolonization in Latin America

Q1 · Indian independence

Mohandas Gandhi, 1930 Salt March

“Non-violence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction.”

Gandhi applied this principle most directly in:

1. A.The Indian Mutiny of 1857
2. B.The Salt March and civil-disobedience campaigns against British rule
3. C.The Boer War
4. D.The partition of Bengal

Q2 · Apartheid

“Under the Population Registration Act of 1950, every South African was classified at birth as White, Coloured, Indian, or Black, with rights determined by classification.”

This law established a system most accurately described as:

1. A.Affirmative action
2. B.Legal racial segregation (apartheid)
3. C.Universal suffrage
4. D.Religious toleration

Q1 · Atatürk's Turkey

Reforms in Turkey, 1923–1938

• Abolition of the caliphate (1924) • Latin alphabet replaces Arabic script (1928) • Western legal codes adopted • Women granted suffrage (1934) • Banning of the fez

These reforms were intended to:

1. A.Restore Ottoman traditions
2. B.Secularize and Westernize Turkish society
3. C.Establish a religious state
4. D.Promote pan-Slavism

Q2 · Mao's China

“Sweep away the four olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits.” — Cultural Revolution slogan, 1966

The Cultural Revolution most directly attacked:

1. A.Traditional Chinese institutions and intellectuals
2. B.Soviet influence over China
3. C.Capitalist factory owners only
4. D.Foreign embassies in Beijing

Q1 · Atatürk's Turkey

Reforms in Turkey, 1923–1938

• Abolition of the caliphate (1924) • Latin alphabet replaces Arabic script (1928) • Western legal codes adopted • Women granted suffrage (1934) • Banning of the fez

These reforms were intended to:

1. A.Restore Ottoman traditions
2. B.Secularize and Westernize Turkish society
3. C.Establish a religious state
4. D.Promote pan-Slavism

Q2 · Mao's China

“Sweep away the four olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits.” — Cultural Revolution slogan, 1966

The Cultural Revolution most directly attacked:

1. A.Traditional Chinese institutions and intellectuals
2. B.Soviet influence over China
3. C.Capitalist factory owners only
4. D.Foreign embassies in Beijing

Q1 · Definition of genocide

“Genocide means … acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.” — UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948

Under this definition, the determining factor for genocide is:

1. A.The total number of deaths
2. B.Specific intent to destroy a protected group as such
3. C.Whether the perpetrator was a state actor
4. D.Whether the violence occurred during wartime

Q2 · Armenian genocide

Headline, 1915

“OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT ORDERS MASS DEPORTATION OF ARMENIANS — DEATH MARCHES INTO SYRIAN DESERT REPORTED”

Historians consider these events the first major modern genocide because:

1. A.The number killed was small
2. B.Deportations and killings were systematically organized by a state to destroy a national group
3. C.The Armenians had attacked the Ottoman state militarily as a population
4. D.The events were primarily caused by famine

Q1 · Definition of genocide

“Genocide means … acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.” — UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948

Under this definition, the determining factor for genocide is:

1. A.The total number of deaths
2. B.Specific intent to destroy a protected group as such
3. C.Whether the perpetrator was a state actor
4. D.Whether the violence occurred during wartime

Q2 · Armenian genocide

Headline, 1915

“OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT ORDERS MASS DEPORTATION OF ARMENIANS — DEATH MARCHES INTO SYRIAN DESERT REPORTED”

Historians consider these events the first major modern genocide because:

1. A.The number killed was small
2. B.Deportations and killings were systematically organized by a state to destroy a national group
3. C.The Armenians had attacked the Ottoman state militarily as a population
4. D.The events were primarily caused by famine

Q1 · Definition of genocide

“Genocide means … acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.” — UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948

Under this definition, the determining factor for genocide is:

1. A.The total number of deaths
2. B.Specific intent to destroy a protected group as such
3. C.Whether the perpetrator was a state actor
4. D.Whether the violence occurred during wartime

Q2 · Armenian genocide

Headline, 1915

“OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT ORDERS MASS DEPORTATION OF ARMENIANS — DEATH MARCHES INTO SYRIAN DESERT REPORTED”

Historians consider these events the first major modern genocide because:

1. A.The number killed was small
2. B.Deportations and killings were systematically organized by a state to destroy a national group
3. C.The Armenians had attacked the Ottoman state militarily as a population
4. D.The events were primarily caused by famine

Q1 · Why Britain first

Conditions in Britain, c. 1750

• Large coal and iron deposits • Navigable rivers + extensive canals • Colonial markets (India, North America) • Capital from Atlantic trade • Enclosure movement freeing rural labor

Which generalization is best supported?

1. A.Industrialization required only a strong central government.
2. B.Britain's geography, capital, and labor supply combined to give it an early advantage.
3. C.The Industrial Revolution began wherever Enlightenment ideas spread first.
4. D.Industrialization preceded the Atlantic slave trade.

Q2 · Factory conditions

“At the cotton mill, children of nine and ten were dragged from their squalid beds at two, three, or four o'clock in the morning … and compelled to work until ten, eleven, or twelve at night.” — Sadler Report, 1832

This document was most directly used to support:

1. A.Repeal of the Corn Laws
2. B.Passage of factory reform laws limiting child labor
3. C.Abolition of slavery in British colonies
4. D.Extension of the franchise to all adult men